The Patient’s Experience With Critical Illness

Perception of Critical Illness Patients’ Experiences Anxiety Causes of Anxiety Responses to Anxiety Patterns of Adaptation Nursing Assessment Nursing Interventions Creating a Healing Environment Fostering Trust Providing Information Allowing Control Cultural Sensitivity Presencing and Reassurance Cognitive Techniques Guided Imagery and Relaxation Training Deep Breathing Music Therapy Humor Massage and Therapeutic Touch Meridian Therapy Animal-Assisted Therapy Restraints in Critical Care Physical Restraints Chemical Restraint Alternatives to Restraints Loss and Responses to Loss Shock and Disbelief Development of Awareness Restitution Resolution Spirituality and Healing Care at the End of Life A Good Death Barriers to Care Nursing Interventions objectives Based on the content in this chapter, the reader should be able to: ■ Explore relationships among stress, response to illness, and anxiety. ■ Construct nursing interventions to assist patients in their adaptation to critical illness. ■ Compare and contrast techniques that the patient and family can learn in an effort to manage stress and anxiety. ■ Discuss alternatives to the use of physical restraint in the intensive care unit. ■ Describe the phases of loss and specific nursing interventions for each phase. ■ Develop nursing interventions that foster the ability of patients to draw strength from their personal spirituality. ■ Develop strategies to care for patients and their families at the end of life. chapter 2